LOT 3 GENUINE Islamic billon coins/Ottoman Empire TURKEY MAHMUD II 1808AD/1223AH

Description

Lot of 3 original Islamic billon coins
Ottoman Empire
All coins are from the lot pictured.
Ottoman coins
measuring
22m. in diameter.
Rare and interesting coins as pictured.
Authenticity guaranteed. ORIGINAL ISLAMIC COINS.
1223-1808 Ottoman Turkish Sultan Mahmud II
(reign: 1808-1838)
Mahmud II
(
Ottoman Turkish
: ????? ????
Mahmud-i
s
ani
)
(20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839)
was the 30th
Sultan
of the
Ottoman Empire
from 1808 until his death in 1839. He was born in the
Topkapi Palace
,
Constantinople
, the son of Sultan
Abdulhamid I
. His reign is notable mostly for the extensive administrative, military and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated into the Decree of
Tanzimat
(Reorganization) that was carried out by his sons
Abdülmecid I
and
Abdülaziz I
. His mother was
Valide Sultan
Naksh-i-Dil Haseki
(there have been speculations that she was a cousin of
Napoleon
's wife
Josephine
, but this is now widely regarded as false; see
Aimée du Buc de Rivéry
).
Accession
In 1808, Mahmud II's predecessor (and half-brother)
Mustafa IV
(1807–08) ordered his execution along with his cousin, the deposed Sultan
Selim III
(1789–1807), in order to defuse the rebellion. Selim III was killed, but Mahmud was safely kept hidden by his mother and was placed on the throne after the rebels deposed Mustafa IV. The leader of this rebellion,
Mustafa Bayrakdar
, then became Mahmud II's
vizier
.
There are many stories surrounding the circumstances of his attempted murder. A version by the 19th century Ottoman historian Cevdet Pasha gives the following account: one of his slaves, a
Georgian
girl named Cevri, gathered ashes when she heard the commotion in the palace surrounding the murder of Selim III. When the assassins approached the Harem chambers where Mahmud was staying, she was able to keep them away for a while by throwing ashes into their faces, temporary blinding them. This allowed Mahmud to escape through a window and climb onto the roof of the Harem. He apparently ran to the roof of the Third Court where other pages saw him and helped him come down with pieces of clothes that were quickly tied together as a ladder. By this time one of the leaders of the rebellion,
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha
arrived with his armed men and upon seeing the dead body of Selim III proclaimed Mahmud as
padishah
. The slave girl Cevri Kalfa was awarded for her bravery and loyalty and appointed
haznedar usta
, the chief treasurer of the imperial Harem, which was the second most important position in the hierarchy. A plain stone staircase at the
Altinyol
(Golden Way) of the Harem is called Staircase of Cevri (Jevri) Kalfa, since the events apparently happened around there and are associated with her.
Reign overview
The vizier took the initiative in resuming reforms that had been terminated by the conservative
coup
of 1807 that had
brought Mustafa IV to power
. However, soon the vizier was killed by Ibrahim's army, and Mahmud II temporarily abandoned the reforms. Mahmud II's later reformation efforts were more successful.
During the early years of Mahmud II's reign, his governor of Egypt
Mehmet Ali Pasa
successfully reconquered the holy cities of
Medina
(1812) and
Mecca
(1813) from the
Nejdi rebels
.
His reign also marked the first breakaway from the Ottoman Empire, with Greece gaining its
independence
following a rebellion that started in 1821. In 1827 the combined British, French and Russian navies defeated the Ottoman Navy at the
Battle of Navarino
; in the aftermath, the Ottoman Empire was forced to recognize Greece with the
Treaty of Constantinople
in July 1832. This event, together with the occupation of the Ottoman province of
Algeria
by
France
in 1830, marked the beginning of the gradual break-up of the Ottoman Empire. Non-Turkish ethnic groups living in the empire's territories, especially in Europe, started their own independence movements.
Among Mahmud II's most notable acts during his reign was the abolition of the
Janissary
corps in 1826, permitting the establishment of a European-style conscript army, recruited largely from Turkish speakers of Rumelia and Asia Minor. Mahmud was also responsible for the subjugation of the
Iraqi Mamluks
in 1831. He ordered the execution of the renowned
Ali Pasha
of
Tepelena
, an 80-year-old man, for condemning
The Auspicious Incident
. He sent his
Grand Vizier
to execute the
Bosnian Muslim
hero
Husein Gradašcevic
.
He began preparations for the
Tanzimat
reforms in 1839. The Tanzimat marked the beginning of modernization in
Turkey
, and had immediate effects on social and legal aspects of life in the Empire, such as European style clothing, architecture, legislation, institutional organization and land reform.
He was concerned also for aspects of tradition. He made great efforts to revive the sport of archery. He ordered his archery student, Mustafa Kani, to write a book about the history, construction, and use of
Turkish bows
, from which comes most of what is now known of Turkish bowyery.
Mahmud II died of
tuberculosis
- some say he was murdered - at the
Esma Sultana Palace
\P
Çamlica
, in 1839. His funeral was attended by crowds of people who came to bid the Sultan farewell. His son
Abdülmecid
succeeded him.
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